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| + | ====== Active RC universal filter ====== | ||
| + | ===== Goals ===== | ||
| + | * Understand the operation of an active RC (i.e. opamp-RC) filter | ||
| + | ===== Lecture ===== | ||
| + | * [[http://www.ee.iitm.ac.in/~nagendra/EC330/201401/lectures/activeRCfilter/activeRCfilter.html|Brief introductory lecture about this experiment]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== References ===== | ||
| + | * Analog Circuits Course lectures on [[http://www.ee.iitm.ac.in/~nagendra/videolectures/doku.php?|VLSI group videolectures]] | ||
| + | * [[http://www.ee.iitm.ac.in/~nagendra/shanthi_lectures/EC201/14NovEC201/14NovEC201.html|Synthesis of a second order active-RC filter with bandpass and low-pass outputs.]] | ||
| + | * [[http://www.ee.iitm.ac.in/~nagendra/shanthi_lectures/EC201/15NovEC201/15NovEC201.html|Synthesis of a biquad with arbitrary numerator, the effect of finite input and output impedance of opamps in feedback amplifiers.]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== Preliminaries(to be done before the lab) ===== | ||
| + | The circuit below can have inputs V<sub>i1,R</sub>, V<sub>i1,C</sub>, V<sub>i2,R</sub>, V<sub>i2,C</sub>, V<sub>i3,R</sub> and output V<sub>1</sub>, V<sub>2</sub>, V<sub>3</sub>. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Determine the following: | ||
| + | * Transfer functions for all input-output combinations. | ||
| + | * The components on which the resonance frequency and the quality factor depend on. | ||
| + | * The components on which the zeroes depend on. | ||
| + | * Component values for a bandpass filter (with V<sub>1</sub> as output) with a resonance frequency of 10kHz and a quality factor of 10. Determine where you will apply the input. | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{:courses:ec330:ttbiquad.png?600}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== Experiment ===== | ||
| + | * Use LF347 quad opamp for this experiment | ||
| + | * Build a bandpass filter (with V<sub>1</sub> as output) for a resonance frequency of 10kHz and a quality factor of 10. Where will you apply the input? (Omit all unnecessary components from the circuit) Verify its operation. | ||
| + | * While keeping the circuit the same, can you take the output from a different point to realize a lowpass filter? Verify it. | ||
| + | * What are the minimum modifications required to get a notch filter output at V<sub>1</sub>? Verify it. | ||
| + | * Make the minimum modifications required to obtain a maximally flat lowpass response and verify it. A maximally flat all pole lowpass response has only the highest power of ω in the denominator of |H(jω)|<sup>2</sup>. | ||
| + | * Modify the above circuit to get a highpass filter output at V<sub>1</sub>? Verify it. | ||
| + | * Restore the circuit to the bandpass filter in the first part. Replace the opamp LF347 with LM324 which has an identical pin configuration(hopefully you don't have a mess of wires running over the chip!) What do you see? Why? | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | ===== Applications ===== | ||
| + | * Active RC filters are the most popular topologies of RC filters. For example, they are used as intermediate frequency filters in radio receivers(=radios, mobile phones, GPS, ...). At very high frequencies, active RC filters cannot be realized because of difficulties in realizing stable feedback loops with high gains, and g<sub>m</sub>-C filters are used instead. | ||