====== EC330: Analog Circuits Lab, Jan.-May 2007 ======
===== Coordinators =====
  * [[http://www.ee.iitm.ac.in/~nagendra/|Nagendra Krishnapura]]
  * [[http://www.ee.iitm.ac.in/~shanthi/faculty.html|Shanthi Pavan]]
===== Schedule =====
  * [[batchI|Groups 1-22]]: Q slot(Tuesdays, 2-5pm)
  * [[batchII|Groups 23-43]]: S slot(Thursdays, 2-5pm)
===== Teaching assistants =====
  * Q slot: Arun M., Sagar Kumar, Kapil Kesarwani.
  * S slot: Raja Prabhu J., Mrinmay Talegaonkar, Sriganesh C.
===== Evaluation =====
  * Your grade will be based on a lab test which will be conducted at the end of the semester
===== Attendance =====
  * Attendance will be strictly enforced and those falling short will receive a **W**
  * If you arrive more than 10 minutes late to the lab, you will not be admitted
===== Prerequisites =====
  * EC201 Analog circuits
  * Read {{:courses:ec330:datasheets:03w_8605_2.pdf|XYZ's of oscilloscopes}} paying particular attention to pages 3-10,11,18-23,27-31. You should understand oscilloscopes to make meaningful measurements
  * Read component data sheets in the last section of this page
===== Instructions =====
  * Buy a breadboard, wire stripper, and nose pliers
  * Get the required components from the IE Lab
  * Wire up the circuit (neatly!) before the lab session. No debugging assistance will be given for overly messy wiring
  * Test your circuit during the lab session
  * Maintain a lab notebook in which you briefly record the results and troubleshooting information
  * Be familiar with component pinouts. You don't wan't to be connecting opamps in positive feedback or driving the outputs of gates with signals. 
  * Draw schematics of the experiments with expected bias voltages, bias currents, and signal levels marked on them. This is a very good debugging aid. 

===== Debugging =====
  * Whenever a circuit isn't behaving as expected, it pays to go through these steps systematically. This also applies when you simulate circuits and the results aren't as expected. 
  * Verify that the power supplies and signal sources are on, and are correctly connected to the board. 
  * Measure the power supplies and bias points, **at the component pins**. You may have "wired up" the circuit with loose wires or altogether incorrectly. This is where the schematic with expected bias and signal levels will be a great help
  * Bias points: Check these with a multimeter. Note that the multimeter's input resistance of 10MΩ, while much larger than the impedance of most circuits you will be dealing with, can disturb the bias of high impedance circuits. 
    * supply levels
    * opamp inputs should be virtual shorts
    * opamp outputs should be well within swing limits for the given supplies
    * transistors' base-emitter drop should be about 0.65 V
    * transistors must be in their active regions(CB reverse biased)
  * Signal levels: You need to check these with an oscilloscope. An oscilloscope's input impedance (approx 1MΩ in parallel with 100pF) can disturb high frequency circuits. So use 10x mode where necessary. Generally many circuits we use are excited with periodic inputs and it is convenient to check the signals progressively through the circuit, starting from the input. 
  * Measuring "AC" voltages with the multimeter: The digital voltmeter typically measures the average value of the rectified input and gives you readings in rms Volts **assuming that the input is a sine wave**. The readings will be horribly off if the input is not a sine wave. Also, the frequency response of the multimeter is only upto about 500Hz. So do not use the multimeter to measure ac signals unless you are absolutely sure of what you are doing. 


===== Experiments =====
Information for experiments will be put up on this page in advance so that you can come prepared to  the lab. Familiarise yourselves with the characteristics of the components by reading the data sheets of the components given below
  - 9/1/2007, 11/1/2007: [[exp1|Transistor and inverter characteristics]] ([[exp1problem|Explanation of the problem while measuring the pMOS transistor]])
  - 16/1/2007, 18/1/2007: [[exp2|Linear amplifier using emitter degeneration]]
  - 23/1/2007, 25/1/2007: [[exp3|Charge pump voltage multiplier]]
  - 1/2/2007: Make up class
  - 6/2/2007, 8/2/2007: [[exp4|Opamp based universal filter]]
  - 13/2/2007, 15/2/2007: [[exp5|gm-C filter]]
  - 20/2/2007, 22/2/2007: [[exp5|gm-C filter]]
  - 27/2/2007, 1/3/2007: [[exp6|Multistage amplifier compensation]]
  - 6/3/2007, 8/3/2007: [[exp7|Logarithmic amplifier ]]
  - 13/3/2007, 15/3/2007: [[exp8|Multiplier ]]
  - 20/3/2007, 22/3/2007: [[exp9|Oscillators and nonlinear circuits]]
  - 27/3/2007, 29/3/2007: [[exp10|Amplitude stabilization of oscillators]]
  - 3/4/2007, 5/4/2007: [[exp11|Digital to analog converter]]
  - 10/4/2007, 12/4/2007: Make up classes
  - 17/4/2007: Make up class
  - 18/4/2007: Lab exam-430pm, ESB 127, 128, 129


===== Component data sheets =====
Go through these data sheets before wiring up the circuit. Pay particular attention to pinouts, power supply polarity, and maximum voltage ratings. 
  * {{:courses:ec330:datasheets:4069.pdf|CD4069 CMOS Hex inverter}}
  * {{:courses:ec330:datasheets:LM324-D.pdf|LM324 Quad opamp}}
  * {{:courses:ec330:datasheets:BC107_108_109_4.pdf|BC107 NPN transistor}}
  * {{:courses:ec330:datasheets:BC177A.pdf|BC177 PNP transistor}}
  * {{:courses:ec330:datasheets:74163.pdf|74163 4 bit synchronous counter}}
  * {{:courses:ec330:datasheets:74f169.pdf|74169 4 bit synchronous UP/DN counter}}