Research Interest    Ph.D Comprehensive Examination Ph.D. Comprehensive Examination Instruction for students The PhD comprehensive examinations will be conducted once every semester at the end of February (even semester) and at the end of October (odd semester). The coordinator will contact PhD students by email about the exam in the beginning of every semester and invite registrations. Interested students should reply to that email clearly and with correct information, as requested. The names of the examiners for each subject and the examination schedule will be announced well in advance to facilitate preparation. The list of subjects for the comprehensive exam and their equivalent courses are given below. Please check the course numbers, as they are likely to change. Networks, EC2102 Networks and Systems Analog Electronics, EC2010 Analog Circuits Digital Systems, EC2101 Digital Systems Electrical Machines, EC 2070, Electromechanical Energy Conversion Power Electronics, EC 3040 / EC 5860 Power Systems, No equivalent High Voltage Engineering, EE5920 High Voltage Technology Communication Theory, EE3560/EE5110 Probability Foundations Electromagnetic Field Theory, EC3100 Control Systems, EC3210 Control Engineering Instrumentation and Measurements, EE5070 Instrumentation Engineering Electron Devices, EC2100 or MTech course EE521 Digital Signal Processing, EE2200 / EE5114 Computer Organization and Architecture, EC2090 Optics, EE5410, or any one of the optics courses offered in the Physics department. Eg Optics (PH511), Laser applications (PH 634), Laser Theory (PH635) Linear Algebra, EE5150 / MA5310 Transducers, EE5610 Transducers Digital Communications, EE4190/EE6110 Digital Communication Systems Written Examination The exams will be for 25 marks each. A student needs to score at least 12.5 marks to clear the subject in a written exam. The recommended syllabus for the written exams are given at the bottom of this page. Please contact the respective examiners, after their names are announced, for more specific details on preparation Course equivalent: Instead of a written exam, a student can opt to do a course that is considered equivalent to the subject. The equivalent courses are given in the list above. A student needs to secure at least a B grade to clear the subject as a course equivalent. Finally, to clear the comprehensive exams, a student needs to clear 4 subjects and score an average of 15 marks per written exam. To be more precise, the pass marks are as follows: Four written exams: minimum 12.5 in each subject and a total of at least 60. Three written exams and one course equivalent: minimum 12.5 in each subject and a total of at least 45; B grade or above in course Two written exams and two course equivalents: minimum 12.5 in each subject and a total of at least 30; B grade or above in courses. One written exams and three course equivalents: minimum 15 in written exam; B grade or above in courses. Four course equivalents: B grade or above in courses. Senate rules: A student is allowed a maximum of two attempts for the comprehensive exams. The comprehensive examination is to be completed by a student within the first 2 semesters of his/her research program. In case this is not possible, one more semester is allowed as grace period. If the comprehensive exams are not cleared within the first 3 semesters or within two attempts, registration will be canceled and the student will have to quit the PhD program. Department rules: In the first attempt, a scholar must appear for four subjects, either as a written exam or course equivalent. The comprehensive examination can be taken by the student even if he/she has not, at that point of time, completed all the prescribed courses. The student's appearance in one semester's comprehensive exams will be counted as one attempt, even if the student is absent for some exams or if the student is doing course equivalents Courses used as equivalents for comprehensive cannot be used as PhD course requirement. This will be enforced by the doctoral committee. The comprehensive committee (consisting of the department head, coordinators, examiners and guides) will process the marks from written exams and grades from course equivalents at the end of each semester. After processing, the results will be declared by the comprehensive committee.

Syllabus

	EE2
Electrical Machines	Transformers: Theory - Ideal transformer - Construction of transformers – Equivalent circuit- Phasor diagram - Regulation. - Losses, Efficiency – Parallel operation -Three winding transformer - Polyphase connections – Scott connected transformer - Auto transformer - Transformer windings - Tap-changing and voltage control DC Machines: Construction of DC machines - lap and wave windings - EMF equation - Torque equation. - Excitation - Commutation - Armature reaction - Equivalent circuit - Self excitation of generators – Characteristics of DC generators. Parallel operation of generators - DC motor operation and characteristics. Parallel operation of motors – Losses in DC machines, Efficiency - Starting, speed control & braking of DC.motors. Induction Machines: Construction of induction machines - Armature windings - emf equation - MMF of poly phase windings, rotating magnetic field. - IM action, Generalized transformer - Equivalent circuit, Performance calculation. - Testing, losses, efficiency - Torque, Power, and Power factor - Starting, speed control and braking - Single phase induction motor - Armature reaction in induction motors. - Equivalent cage rotor - Induction generators, line excited, self excited - Cascade connection, Induction frequency converter - Harmonics and their effects – High torque cage machines. Synchronous Machines: Equivalent circuit - Generator load characteristic - Regulation by emf method. Regulation of alternators by MMF and Potier methods – Parallel operation of alternators. Generators on infinite bus bars, Capability chart of alternators. Electrical load diagram. Determination of xd, xq of salient pole machines - Mechanical load diagram, O & V curves -Regulation of salient pole alternators -Three phase and single phase short circuit on alternators - Starting of synchronous motors. Synchronous condensers.
Power Electronics	Semiconductor Devices in switched mode - Diode, SCR, BJT, IGBT, MOSFET - drivers, protection, thermal aspects – ratings Figures of merit - ripple factor, average value, Harmonic factor, Distortion factor, THD, Power factor, Crest factor Power in switching circuits - 2-pulse Midpoint converter - analysis for R load, infinite inductive load, R-L load - implications of commutation overlap - use in DC drives. 3-pulse converter - analysis for R load, infinite inductive load, R-L load - implications of commutation overlap - use in DC drives. Bridge converters - three phase and single phase - analysis for R load, infinite inductive load, R-L load - implications of commutation overlap - use in DC drives. Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost and Cuk Converters - circuit steady state analysis - current and voltage ripple estimation - discontinuous and continuous modes of operation. Use of SCR in buck converters - commutation circuit. Inverters - 120 deg. and 180 deg. conduction operation – selective harmonic elimination - McMurray inverter - SPWM, unipolar and bipolar switching Single phase AC Voltage Controller - analysis and operation Snubbers - turn on, turn off, snubbers - RCD snubber Reference books: Power Electronics by Vedam Subrahmanyam Power Electronics by Ned Mohan et al.
Power Systems	Modeling of transmission lines, synchronous machines and transformers, one-line diagram ,per unit (p.u) computation; Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical fault analysis; Power System Protection ; Design of relays; Zone of protection; primary and backup protection; protection of transmission lines and transformers. Bus admittance and impedance matrices; node elimination by matrix methods. Load flow Solution- Gauss-Siedel Method, Newton Raphson method, decoupled and fast decoupled methods. Economic Load Dispatch (without line losses taken into consideration). Power System Stability -Swing equation, single generator infinite bus model, and equal area criterion. Reference books : Grainger, J. J. and and Stevenson, W. D. “Power Systems Analysis”, McGraw-Hill,(1994). Saadat, H. “Power System Analysis”, McGraw-Hill, (1999).
High Voltage Engineering	Importance of High Voltages and HV tests; general requirements of HV testing ,testing of internal and external insulation systems. Generation of High alternating, direct and impulse voltages; measurements of alternating direct and impulse voltages and dielectric loss. Insulating materials: solids, liquids and gases; their electrical properties and applications; breakdown mechanisms in solid, liquid and gaseous dielectric; measurement of Radio interference Voltage (RIV) and partial discharges; generation and Measurement of impulse currents. Reference books: Naidu, M.S. and Kamaraju, V. “High Voltage Engineering”, Tata Mc. Graw Hill, New Delhi, 3rd Edition, (2004). Kuffel, E. and Abdullah M., “High Voltage Engineering”, Permagon Press, Oxford (1970).

	EE3
Networks	Network topology, Node-pair and loop analysis of networks containing independent and dependent sources, Sinusoidal steady state analysis of single-phase and 3-phase circuits, Resonance, Symmetrical components,Magnetically coupled circuits. Fourier series and transform, Laplace transform, Analysis of RLC networks using Laplace transform, Network functions for one-port and two-port networks, Impulse response and superposition integral, Network theorems, State variables, Formulation of state equations of RLC-networks and solutions, Discrete systems. Reference books: Hayt & Kemmerly, Engineering Circuit Analysis, McGraw Hill. V.K. Aatre, Network theory and Filter Design, Wiley Eastern. M.E. Van Valkenburg, Network Analysis, Prentice Hall India.
Analog Electronics	Diode and its applications. Basic FET and Bipolar Transistor amplifier circuits and parameters of amplifiers. Operational amplifier and its applications. Negative feedback and frequency compensation. Positive feedback and oscillators. Filters, AGC, AVC and amplitude stabilization of oscillators. Voltage regulators and power amplifiers, modulators, demodulators and mixers. Reference books: U. Tietze and Ch. Schenk, "Electronics circuits design & application", Narosa Publishers, 1992.
Digital Systems	Combinational circuits: Number systems, Design of single and multiple output circuits using gates, MSI ICs, ROMs and PLAs, Adders, Multipliers. Synchronous sequential circuits: Flip-Flops, analysis and design of state machines. Timing analysis: Identification of critical path, calculation of maximum clock frequency. Reference books : C. H. Roth, Fundamentals of Logic Design, Third Ed., West Publishing co., 1985. M. M. Mano, Digital Logic and Computer Design, Prentice-Hall India.

	EE4
Control Systems	Open-loop and Closed-loop systems; Servomechanisms and regulator problems ; Transfer function; Block diagram algebra ; Signal flow graphs; Mathematical Models for Physical Systems : Mechanical translational and rotational systems; Gear trains; dc generator and motors; Transportation lag systems; Analogs: Components like potentiometers as error sensing devices; Synchros; as servomotor; tachometers; Concept of stability; necessary and sufficient conditions for stability; Routh-Hurwitz criterion; Transient Response; Typical inputs; Time-domain specifications; Steady state errors; error series; system error and Non-unity feedback systems; Frequency response; Bode plots: both semilog coordinates and, log-log coordinates; Frequency domain specifications: Gain Margin and phase Margin; Nyquist stability criterion; M and N circles; Nichols chart; Root locus and Root Contours; State-variable representation of systems; Phase variables: Solution of state equations, controllability and observability. Reference books: K. Ogata, Modern Control Engineering, Fourth Edition, Pearson Education, 2002 B.C. Kuo, Automatic Control Systems, Eighth Edition, Pearson Education, 2002 N. Nise, Control Systems Engineering, Fifth Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2007 I.J. Nagrath and M. Gopal, Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition, New Age International, 2006 R.C. Dorf and R.H. Bishop, Modern Control Systems, Eighth Edition, Pearson Education, 1998
Instrumentation and Measurements	Analog indicating instruments; Q-meter; Hall effect instruments; rms, average and peak reading electronic instruments; Galvanometers; CRO and its applications; Errors in measurement, Systematic and Random errors, error analysis; DC and AC potentiometers, DC and AC bridges; Interference and noise: Screening and earthing: Instrument transformers; Digital instruments; Counters, A/D and D/A converters; Active and passive transducers; Instrumentation system for non electrical quantities, Thermo couples, Piezo electric type transducers. Reference books: Frank, Electrical measurement analysis, McGraw Hill Doeblin, Measurement systems analysis, McGraw Hill
Computer Organization and Architecture	Basic structure of computers. Measuring and reporting performance: notions such as total execution time, weighted execution time and normalized execution time. Amdahl's law. Notions such as MIPS and Mflop/s. SPEC benchmarks. Notions of instruction formats and instruction sets. RISC VS CISC. Datapath design and arithmetic for computers: Number formats such as fixed, floating point and block floating point; IEEE-754 standard for floating point representation. Algorithms for basic operations including Booth's multiplication, CSA, Baugh Wooley multiplication, restoring and non-restoring division algorithms, basics of CORDIC, high speed adders ( CARRY SKIP, CARRY SELECT, PREFIX ADDERS). Control: hardwired and microprogrammed. RTL, Control sequence for different instructions, multi-bus organization. Memory system and hierarchy: basics of cache memory including cache hit, miss and cache miss penalty, cache organizations such as direct mapped, set associative and fully associative. Fetch and main memory update policies. Main and virtual memory (PAGING, SEGMENTATION, TLB), Cache coherence protocols. Interfacing computers to peripheral devices. Basics of DMA. Pipelining: basics, State diagram based design, notions of hazards(structural, data and control hazards), instruction scheduling, branch prediction Parallel processing: Basics of Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) and Multiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD) computers, interconnection networks, shared and distributed memory architectures VLIW and superscalar processors, out-of-order instruction issue, speculative execution, Vector processors. Reference books : D.A. Patterson and J. Hennessy, Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface, Fourth Edition, Elsevier, 2009. V. Heuring, H.F. Jordan and T.G. Venkatesh, Computer Systems Design and Architecture, Second Edition, Pearson, 2008. C. Hamacher, Z. Vranesic and S. Zaky, Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2002. J.P. Hayes, Computer Architecture and Organization, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1998. J.P. Shen and M. Lipasti, Modern Processor Design: Fundamentals of Superscalar Processors, McGraw-Hill, 2002.
Transducers	Measurement Systems: Generalized performance characteristics, Amplitude modulation and demodulator circuits. Passive transducers: Resistance Transducers - Resistance potentiometer, Strain gauges, Resistance thermometers, Hotwire anemometers Inductance Transducers and associated bridge circuits, LVDT Capacitance Transducers and associated signal conditioning circuits, Seismic Pickups, Force-Balance Transducers Active transducers: General type pickups, thermocouples, Piezoelectric sensors Instrumentation Systems: Measurement of non-electrical quantities like displacement and velocity, sound flow, temperature, etc. Ref. books 1. H. K. Neubert, ‘Instrument Transducers-An introduction to their performance and design’ Oxford University press, Oxford, Second edition-2003. 2. E. O. Doeblin ‘Measurement Systems – Application and Design’ McGraw - Hill Publications, Fifth Edition, 2004.

	EE5
Electromagnetic Field Theory	Vector fields. Divergence and Stokes theorems. Overview of Electrostatics and Magnetostatics. Poisson's Equation: Derivation, applications, existence and uniqueness. Dielectrics, Displacement vector. Capacitance matrix, Energy in the field. Ampere's Law: B Field calculations. Vector potential. The magnetic dipole. Magnetization of materials. Faraday's Law: Induced emf in stationary and moving coils. Inductance. Inductance matrix. Energy in the magnetic field. Maxwell's Equation: The wave equation. Poynting theorem. Poynting theorem for phasors. Transmission Lines: The high-frequency circuit. LCR ladder model. The transmission line equation. Solution for loss-less lines. Wave velocity and wave impedence. Reflection and Transmission coefficients at junctions. VSWR. Plane Waves: Solution of the wave equation in vacuum. Wave velocity and impedence. Normal and Oblique incidence at interfaces. Penetration into conducting surfaces ,skin effect. Reflection off dielectric layers. Introduction to waveguides: Guided waves. Modes and their cutoffs. The TEM wave and the transmission line limit. Antennas: The half-wave dipole antenna. Radiation patterns. Antenna gain and directivity.
Optics	Interference and Diffraction of Light Interaction of Light with Atoms - Absorption/Emission Lasers and amplifiers, including modelocking/Q-switching Semiconductor light sources and detectors - pn junctions Fiber optics - modes, attenuation/dispersion Electro-optics/Acousto-optics Text: "Fundamentals of Photonics" by Saleh and Teich, John Wiley and Sons, 1991.
Electron Devices	Energy band diagram, Fermi level. Carrier concentration under thermal equilibrium, and their temperature dependence. Extrinsic and Intrinsic Semiconductors. Carrier Transport, Drift, Diffusion, Excess carriers, Recombination, continuity equation, Poission's equation. p-n junction, current-voltage, small signal capacitance, switching. BJT, carrier profile, dc and ac characteristics. Schottky diodes, ohmic contact. MOS capacitor C-V characteristics, MOSFET threshold voltage and I-V characteristics Basic bipolar and MOSFET process step technology. Reference books : S.M. Sze : Physics and Technology of SC devices, 1985. B.G. Streetman, Solid State Electronic Devices, 1993. A.S. Grove, Physics & Technology of Semiconductor Devices. N. DasGupta & A.DasGupta, Semiconductor Devices Modelling & Technology, 2004.