MS & Ph.D Academics

MS&PhD

This page for MS and Ph.D Introducation

The Areas of Research for Ph.D in the Department of Electrical Engineering are:


Master of Science (M.S.) by Research Program

 

Duration

Expected duration: Two to three years.

Research Guide/Advisor

The research guide(s) is(are) decided for each student based on the research area and the preferences of the student and the faculty. The student should ensure regular meetings with the guide.

General Test Committee (GTC)

The GTC for each student consists of the head of the department (HoD) or HoD’s nominee, research guide, one member from the department, and one member from outside the department. A GTC meeting to review progress is held once a year for the first two years, and once in six months afterwards or as often as needed.

Academic Requirements

Course work: An M.S student must register and pass the Introduction to Research (ID 6020) course, three core courses and two elective courses. The core courses and list of electives are prescribed individually for each student by the General Test Committee (GTC). ID 6020 is a compulsory course for all M.S. students and is usually taken in the first semester. All courses must be completed by the end of the third semester.

Research: All students are expected to do high quality research resulting in publications in reputed international journals.

Timeline and Procedures

Courses: A minimum of C grade and an average GPA of 7.5 are enforced in the course work. Students typically register for two or three courses every semester after discussing with their guides.

Research: Students are expected to start reading research papers and discuss regularly with their guides. Research involves (1) understanding and reproducing the state-of-the-art, (2) identifying research problems, and (3) obtaining results that improve the state-of-the-art. This is a fluid and critical phase in the MS program without any pre-determined method. Adequate preparation, hard work, regular interaction with the guide and creativity are crucial ingredients.

GTC meetings: Students prepare a report on their work and submit it to the GTC members about a week before each meeting. At the meeting, students make a presentation describing their work. This presentation must be accessible to GTC members from other areas and departments, as far as possible.

Seminar: One public seminar on the research work should be given by the student in the department.

Synopsis: Once the academic requirements are completed and the seminar has been given, a synopsis of the thesis should be submitted. A draft of the thesis should also be ready. A synopsis meeting will be held to decide on thesis submission and the panel of reviewers for the thesis.

Thesis for review: The thesis should be submitted within one month of the synopsis meeting. Usually, reviews are received within four months of submission of the thesis.

 

Viva: Once favorable reviews of the thesis are received, a viva is held if necessary. A response to the comments from the reviewers and the final thesis should be ready at this time.

Final thesis: Once the response to reviewers is complete and viva exam (if necessary) is cleared, the final thesis can be submitted.

Half-Time Research Assistantship (HTRA)

All students getting HTRA are expected to work as a research or teaching assistant. The faculty in-charge of the assistantship needs to certify this each month for the release of that month’s HTRA.

Funding for Conference Travel

Two national conferences per year and one international conference travel per student are supported by the institute. Other sources of funding include IIT Madras Alumni Association, Department of Science and Technology (DST), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), etc.

Placement

Placement office can help in finding jobs. Generally, M.S. students also apply for jobs outside of the placement interviews coordinated by the placement office.

Useful Links

Scholarships and assistance: http://www.iitm.ac.in/scholarships

 Duration
Expected duration: Four to five years.

Research Guide/Advisor
The research guide is decided for each student based on the research area and the preferences of the student and the faculty. The student should ensure regular meetings with the guide.

Doctoral Committee (DC)
The DC for each student consists of the head of the department (HoD) or HoD's nominee, research guide, two members from the department, and two members from outside the department. A DC meeting to review progress is held once a year for the first four years, and once in six months afterwards or as often as needed.

Academic Requirements
Course work: Introduction to Research (ID 6020), two core courses and two elective courses. The core courses and list of electives are prescribed individually for each student by the Doctoral Committee (DC). ID 6020 is a compulsory course for all Ph.D. students and is usually taken in the first semester. The courses must be completed within three semesters after enrollment into the Ph.D.

Comprehensive exam: All students must clear the comprehensive exam within the one and half years of joining the program. Details of the comprehensive exam are provided on the department web site (see the useful links section below).

Research: All students are expected to do high quality research resulting in publications in reputed international journals.

Timeline and Procedures
Courses: A minimum of C grade and an average GPA of 7.5 are enforced in the course work. Students typically register for two or three courses every semester after discussing with their guides.

Research: Students are expected to start reading research papers and discuss regularly with their guides. Research involves (1) understanding and reproducing the state-of-the-art, (2) identifying research problems, and (3) obtaining results that improve the state-of-the-art. This is a fluid and critical phase in the PhD program without any pre-determined method. Adequate preparation, hard work, regular interaction with the guide and creativity are crucial ingredients.

DC meetings: Students prepare a report on their work and submit it to the DC members about a week before each meeting. At the meeting, students make a presentation describing their work. This presentation must be accessible to DC members from other areas and departments, as far as possible.
 

Seminar: Two public seminars on the research work should be given by the student in the department.
 
Synopsis: Once the academic requirements are completed and the seminars have been given, a synopsis of the thesis should be submitted. A draft of the thesis should also be ready. A synopsis meeting will be held to decide on thesis submission and the panel of reviewers for the thesis.
 
Thesis for review: The thesis should be submitted within one month of the synopsis meeting. Usually, reviews are received within four months of submission of the thesis.
 
Viva: Once favorable reviews of the thesis are received, a viva is held. A response to the comments from the reviewers and the final thesis should be ready at this time.
 
Final thesis: Once the viva exam is cleared, the final thesis should be submitted.
 
Half-Time Research Assistantship (HTRA)
All students getting HTRA are expected to work as a research or teaching assistant. The faculty in-charge of the assistantship needs to certify this each month for the release of that month’s HTRA.
 
Funding for Conference Travel
Two national conferences per year and one international conference travel per student are supported by the institute. Other sources of funding include IIT Madras Alumni Association, Department of Science and Technology (DST), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), etc.
 
Placement
Generally, Ph.D. students apply for jobs outside of the placement interviews coordinated by the placement office. Placement office can also help in finding jobs.  

 

Useful Links
Comprehensive Exam:
Things to know for Ph.D. students: http://eservices.iitm.ac.in/dokuwiki/thingstoknow/
Scholarships and assistance: http://www.iitm.ac.in/scholarships

 

 

Ph.D. Comprehensive Examination

 

Instruction for students
The PhD comprehensive examinations will be conducted once every semester at the end of February  (even semester) and at the end of October (odd semester). The coordinator will contact PhD students by email about the exam in the beginning of every semester and invite registrations. Interested students  should reply to that email clearly and with correct information, as requested. The names of the examiners for each subject and the examination schedule will be announced well in advance to facilitate preparation.

The list of subjects for the comprehensive exam and their equivalent courses are given below. Please check the course numbers, as they are likely to change.

 

  1. Networks, EC2102 Networks and Systems
  2. Analog Electronics, EC3102 Analog Circuits
  3. Digital Systems, EC2101 Digital Systems
  4. Electrical Machines, EC2203 Electrical Machines
  5. Power Electronics, EC5121 Power Converter Analysis and Design
  6. Power Systems, No equivalent
  7. High Voltage Engineering, EC5221 High Voltage Technology
  8. Communication Theory, EE3560 Analog Communication Systems or EE5110 Probability Foundations in Signal Processing
  9. Electromagnetic Field Theory, EC2204 Electromagnetic Fields
  10. Control Systems, EC3104 Control Engineering
  11. Instrumentation and Measurements, EC5141 Instrumentation Engineering
  12. Electron Devices, EC3101 Solid State Decices or EC5132 Semiconductor Device Modeling
  13. Digital Signal Processing, EC2202 Analog and DSP or EE5330 DSP
  14. Computer Organization and Architecture, EC2201 Computer Organization and Microprocessors
  15. Optics, EE5410 Fibre Optic Communication Technology, or any one of the optics courses offered in the Physics department. Eg Optics (PH5110), Laser applications (PH 6340), Laser Theory (PH6350)
  16. Linear Algebra, EE5150 Math Methods in Signal Processing or MA5310 Linear Algebra
  17. Transducers, EE5610 Transducers
  18. Digital Communications, EE4190/EE6110 Digital Communication Systems
  19. MEMS, No equivalent
  20. Synthesis of Control Systems, EC5143
Written Examination & Syllabus:
The exams will be for 25 marks each. A student needs to score at least 12.5 marks to clear the subject in a written exam. The recommended syllabus for the written exams are given at the bottom of this page. Please contact the respective examiners, after their names are announced, for more specific details on preparation.
Course equivalent:
Instead of a written exam, a student can opt to do a course that is considered equivalent to the subject. The equivalent courses are given in the list above. A student needs to secure at least a B grade to clear the subject as a course equivalent.

 

Finally, to clear the comprehensive exams, a student needs to clear 4 subjects and score an average of 15 marks per written exam. To be more precise, the pass marks are as follows:
  1. Four written exams: minimum 12.5 in each subject and a total of at least 60.
  2. Three written exams and one course equivalent: minimum 12.5 in each subject and a total of at least 45; B grade or above in course.
  3. Two written exams and two course equivalents: minimum 12.5 in each subject and a total of at least 30; B grade or above in courses.
  4. One written exams and three course equivalents: minimum 15 in written exam; B grade or above in courses.
  5. Four course equivalents: B grade or above in courses.
Senate rules:
  1. A student is allowed a maximum of two attempts for the comprehensive exams.
  2. The comprehensive examination is to be completed by a research scholar within the first 2 semesters of his/her research program. In case this is not possible, one more semester is allowed as grace period.
  3. If the comprehensive exams are not cleared within the first 3 semesters or within two attempts, registration will be cancelled and the student will have to quit the PhD program.
Departmental rules:
  1. In the first attempt, a scholar must appear for four subjects, either as a written exam or course equivalent.
  2. The comprehensive examination can be taken by the research scholar even if he/she has not, at that point of time, completed all the prescribed courses.
  3. The student's appearance in one semester's comprehensive exams will be counted as one attempt, even if the student is absent for some exams or if the student is doing course equivalents.
  4. Courses used as equivalents for comprehensive cannot be used as PhD course requirement. This will be enforced by the doctoral committee.
  5. The comprehensive committee (consisting of the department head, coordinators, examiners and guides) will process the marks from written exams and grades from course equivalents at the end of each semester. After processing, the results will be declared by the comprehensive committee.

     

 

 

EE1

Communication Theory

-Axioms of Probability

-Probability Space

-Random Variables, Random Vectors and Random Processes

-Expectations and Moments of Random Variables

-Concepts of Independence and Correlation

-Discrete Distribution Functions and Continuous Distribution Functions

(e.g., Bernoulli, Binomial, Geometric, Poisson, Uniform, Exponential, Gaussian)

-Stochastic Convergence (Weak Law of Large Numbers, Strong Law of Large Numbers, Central Limit Theorem)

Topics in Chapters 1 - 7 from the Reference book:

  • Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes, A Papoulis and S U Pillai

Additional Reference :

  • Introduction to Statistical Signal Processing, Gray and Davisson

DSP

Discrete Time Signals and Systems; Linear time invariant systems, stability, causality; Convolution; Discrete time Fourier Transform and properties.

 

Z-Transform; Properties and ROC, inverse transform Sampling; bandlimited continuous time signals, frequency domain representation of sampling, reconstruction, interpolation and decimation

 

Transform Analysis of LTI systems; Frequency response, Magnitude and phase responses, All-pass, minimum phase, generalized linear phase systems.

 

Structures for LTI systems; signal flow graph representation. IIR and FIR structures and different forms.

DFT: Properties, Fourier Transform of Periodic Sequences, Finite Duration Sequences, Circular and linear Convolution, FFT.

Reference books :

  • Discrete Time Signal Processing by Oppenheim and Schafer, 2nd ed.

Linear Algebra

Matrices and Gaussian Elimination: Geometry of equations, Triangular factors, Inverses and transposes

Vector Spaces and Linear Equations: Spaces and subspaces, Linear independence, Basis, Four fundamental subspaces.

 

Orthogonality: Projections, Gram-Schmidt

 

Determinants:

Properties and Formulas Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors: Diagonalization, Powers, Similarity transformation.

Textbook :

  • Linear Algebra and its Applications by Gilbert Strang.

Digital Communications

General Concepts: Signal space representations, Waveform channels, vector channels, MAP and ML criteria for detection

Communication over AWGN Channels: Channel model, Sufficient statistics, Matched filter detector, Probability of error, Comparison of modulation schemes

Communication over Band-limited Channels: Ideal band-limited channel model, Pulse-shaping and Nyquist criterion, Arbitrary band-limited channel model, Linear equalization

Textbook :

  • J. G. Proakis, "Digital Communications", Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2001.
  • B. Sklar, "Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications", Second Edition, Prentice Hall, 2001.

 

EE2

Electrical Machines

Transformers:

Theory - Ideal transformer - Construction of transformers – Equivalent circuit- Phasor diagram - Regulation. - Losses, Efficiency – Parallel operation -Three winding transformer - Polyphase connections – Scott connected transformer - Auto transformer - Transformer windings - Tap-changing and voltage control

DC Machines:

Construction of DC machines - lap and wave windings - EMF equation - Torque equation. - Excitation - Commutation - Armature reaction - Equivalent circuit - Self excitation of generators – Characteristics of DC generators. Parallel operation of generators - DC motor operation and characteristics. Parallel operation of motors – Losses in DC machines, Efficiency - Starting, speed control & braking of DC.motors.

Induction Machines:

Construction of induction machines - Armature windings - emf equation - MMF of poly phase windings, rotating magnetic field. - IM action, Generalized transformer - Equivalent circuit, Performance calculation. - Testing, losses, efficiency - Torque, Power, and Power factor - Starting, speed control and braking - Single phase induction motor - Armature reaction in induction motors. - Equivalent cage rotor - Induction generators, line excited, self excited - Cascade connection, Induction frequency converter - Harmonics and their effects – High torque cage machines.

Synchronous Machines:

Equivalent circuit - Generator load characteristic - Regulation by emf method. Regulation of alternators by MMF and Potier methods – Parallel operation of alternators. Generators on infinite bus bars, Capability chart of alternators. Electrical load diagram. Determination of xd, xq of salient pole machines - Mechanical load diagram, O & V curves -Regulation of salient pole alternators -Three phase and single phase short circuit on alternators - Starting of synchronous motors. Synchronous condensers.

Power Electronics

Semiconductor Devices in switched mode - Diode, SCR, BJT, IGBT, MOSFET - drivers, protection, thermal aspects – ratings Figures of merit - ripple factor, average value, Harmonic factor, Distortion factor, THD, Power factor, Crest factor Power in switching circuits - 2-pulse Midpoint converter - analysis for R load, infinite inductive load, R-L load - implications of commutation overlap - use in DC drives.

3-pulse converter - analysis for R load, infinite inductive load, R-L load - implications of commutation overlap - use in DC drives.

Bridge converters - three phase and single phase - analysis for R load, infinite inductive load, R-L load - implications of commutation overlap - use in DC drives.

Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost and Cuk Converters - circuit steady state analysis - current and voltage ripple estimation - discontinuous and continuous modes of operation. Use of SCR in buck converters - commutation circuit.

Inverters - 120 deg. and 180 deg. conduction operation – selective harmonic elimination - McMurray inverter - SPWM, unipolar and bipolar switching Single phase AC Voltage Controller - analysis and operation Snubbers - turn on, turn off, snubbers - RCD snubber

Reference books:

  • Power Electronics by Vedam Subrahmanyam
  • Power Electronics by Ned Mohan et al.

Power Systems

Modeling of transmission lines, synchronous machines and transformers, one-line diagram ,per unit (p.u) computation; Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical fault analysis; Power System Protection ; Design of relays; Zone of protection; primary and backup protection; protection of transmission lines and transformers.

Bus admittance and impedance matrices; node elimination by matrix methods.

Load flow Solution- Gauss-Siedel Method, Newton Raphson method, decoupled and fast decoupled methods.

Economic Load Dispatch (without line losses taken into consideration).

Power System Stability -Swing equation, single generator infinite bus model, and equal area criterion.

Reference books :

  • Grainger, J. J. and and Stevenson, W. D. “Power Systems Analysis”, McGraw-Hill,(1994).
  • Saadat, H. “Power System Analysis”, McGraw-Hill, (1999).

High Voltage Engineering

Importance of High Voltages and HV tests; general requirements of HV testing ,testing of internal and external insulation systems.

Generation of High alternating, direct and impulse voltages; measurements of alternating direct and impulse voltages and dielectric loss. Insulating materials: solids, liquids and gases; their electrical properties and applications; breakdown mechanisms in solid, liquid and gaseous dielectric; measurement of Radio interference Voltage (RIV) and partial discharges; generation and Measurement of impulse currents.

Reference books:

  • Naidu, M.S. and Kamaraju, V. “High Voltage Engineering”, Tata Mc. Graw Hill, New Delhi, 3rd Edition, (2004).
  • Kuffel, E. and Abdullah M., “High Voltage Engineering”, Permagon Press, Oxford (1970).

 

EE3

Networks

Network topology, Node-pair and loop analysis of networks containing independent and dependent sources, Sinusoidal steady state analysis of single-phase and 3-phase circuits, Resonance, Symmetrical components,Magnetically coupled circuits. Fourier series and transform, Laplace transform, Analysis of RLC networks using Laplace transform, Network functions for one-port and two-port networks, Impulse response and superposition integral, Network theorems, State variables, Formulation of state equations of RLC-networks and solutions, Discrete systems.

Reference books:

  • Hayt & Kemmerly, Engineering Circuit Analysis, McGraw Hill.
  • V.K. Aatre, Network theory and Filter Design, Wiley Eastern.
  • M.E. Van Valkenburg, Network Analysis, Prentice Hall India.

Analog Electronics

Diode and its applications. Basic FET and Bipolar Transistor amplifier circuits and parameters of amplifiers. Operational amplifier and its applications. Negative feedback and frequency compensation. Positive feedback and oscillators. Filters, AGC, AVC and amplitude stabilization of oscillators. Voltage regulators and power amplifiers, modulators, demodulators and mixers.

Reference books:

  • U. Tietze and Ch. Schenk, "Electronics circuits design & application", Narosa Publishers, 1992.

Digital Systems

Combinational circuits: Number systems, Design of single and multiple output circuits using gates, MSI ICs, ROMs and PLAs, Adders, Multipliers.

Synchronous sequential circuits: Flip-Flops, analysis and design of state machines.

Timing analysis: Identification of critical path, calculation of maximum clock frequency.

Reference books :

  • C. H. Roth, Fundamentals of Logic Design, Third Ed., West Publishing co., 1985.
  • M. M. Mano, Digital Logic and Computer Design, Prentice-Hall India.

MEMS

Materials and processing for MEMS, etching, deposition, oxidation, plating, lithography; Surface and bulk micromachining; Beams and plates; Actuation and sensing, Piezo, Electrostatic, Pull-in, resonance frequency; Inertial sensors: Accelerometer, Rate Gyroscope; Pressure Sensor, Optical and RF MEMS, Microfluidics and BioMEMS; Packaging and reliability

 

EE4

Control Systems

Open-loop and Closed-loop systems; Servomechanisms and regulator problems ; Transfer function; Block diagram algebra ; Signal flow graphs;

Mathematical Models for Physical Systems : Mechanical translational and rotational systems; Gear trains; dc generator and motors; Transportation lag systems;

Analogs: Components like potentiometers as error sensing devices; Synchros; as servomotor; tachometers; Concept of stability; necessary and sufficient conditions for stability; Routh-Hurwitz criterion; Transient Response; Typical inputs; Time-domain specifications; Steady state errors; error series; system error and Non-unity feedback systems; Frequency response;

Bode plots: both semilog coordinates and, log-log coordinates;

Frequency domain specifications: Gain Margin and phase Margin; Nyquist stability criterion; M and N circles; Nichols chart; Root locus and Root Contours; State-variable representation of systems;

Phase variables: Solution of state equations, controllability and observability.

Reference books:

  • K. Ogata, Modern Control Engineering, Fourth Edition, Pearson Education, 2002
  • B.C. Kuo, Automatic Control Systems, Eighth Edition, Pearson Education, 2002
  • N. Nise, Control Systems Engineering, Fifth Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2007
  • I.J. Nagrath and M. Gopal, Control Systems Engineering, Fourth Edition, New Age International, 2006
  • R.C. Dorf and R.H. Bishop, Modern Control Systems, Eighth Edition, Pearson Education, 1998

Instrumentation and Measurements

Analog indicating instruments; Q-meter; Hall effect instruments; rms, average and peak reading electronic instruments; Galvanometers; CRO and its applications; Errors in measurement, Systematic and Random errors, error analysis; DC and AC potentiometers, DC and AC bridges; Interference and noise: Screening and earthing: Instrument transformers; Digital instruments; Counters, A/D and D/A converters; Active and passive transducers; Instrumentation system for non electrical quantities, Thermo couples, Piezo electric type transducers.

Reference books:

  • Frank, Electrical measurement analysis, McGraw Hill
  • Doeblin, Measurement systems analysis, McGraw Hill

Computer Organization and Architecture

Basic structure of computers.

Measuring and reporting performance: notions such as total execution time, weighted execution time and normalized execution time. Amdahl's law. Notions such as MIPS and Mflop/s. SPEC benchmarks. Notions of instruction formats and instruction sets. RISC VS CISC.

Datapath design and arithmetic for computers: Number formats such as fixed, floating point and block floating point; IEEE-754 standard for floating point representation. Algorithms for basic operations including Booth's multiplication, CSA, Baugh Wooley multiplication, restoring and non-restoring division algorithms, basics of CORDIC, high speed adders ( CARRY SKIP, CARRY SELECT, PREFIX ADDERS).

Control: hardwired and microprogrammed. RTL, Control sequence for different instructions, multi-bus organization.

Memory system and hierarchy: basics of cache memory including cache hit, miss and cache miss penalty, cache organizations such as direct mapped, set associative and fully associative. Fetch and main memory update policies. Main and virtual memory (PAGING, SEGMENTATION, TLB), Cache coherence protocols. Interfacing computers to peripheral devices. Basics of DMA.

Pipelining: basics, State diagram based design, notions of hazards(structural, data and control hazards), instruction scheduling, branch prediction

Parallel processing: Basics of Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) and Multiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD) computers, interconnection networks, shared and distributed memory architectures VLIW and superscalar processors, out-of-order instruction issue, speculative execution, Vector processors.

Reference books :

  • D.A. Patterson and J. Hennessy, Computer Organization and Design: The
    Hardware/Software Interface, Fourth Edition, Elsevier, 2009.
  • V. Heuring, H.F. Jordan and T.G. Venkatesh, Computer Systems Design
    and Architecture, Second Edition, Pearson, 2008.
  • C. Hamacher, Z. Vranesic and S. Zaky, Computer Organization, Fifth
    Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2002.
  • J.P. Hayes, Computer Architecture and Organization, Third Edition,
    McGraw-Hill, 1998.
  • J.P. Shen and M. Lipasti, Modern Processor Design: Fundamentals of
    Superscalar Processors, McGraw-Hill, 2002.

Transducers

Measurement Systems:Generalized performance characteristics, Amplitude modulation and demodulator circuits.

Passive transducers: Resistance Transducers - Resistance potentiometer, Strain gauges, Resistance thermometers, Hotwire anemometers Inductance Transducers and associated bridge circuits, LVDT Capacitance Transducers and associated signal conditioning circuits, Seismic Pickups, Force-Balance Transducers

Active transducers:General type pickups, thermocouples, Piezoelectric sensors

Instrumentation Systems:Measurement of non-electrical quantities like displacement and velocity, sound flow, temperature, etc.

 

Reference books :

  • H. K. Neubert, ‘Instrument Transducers-An introduction to their performance and design’ Oxford University press, Oxford, Second edition-2003.
  • E. O. Doeblin ‘Measurement Systems – Application and Design’ McGraw -Hill Publications, Fifth Edition, 2004.

Synthesis of Control Systems

Relative stability parameters - specification of design parameters - frequency and time domain approach to design - P, PI, PD and PID controller design by different procedures - Types of gain cross over, lag, lead, lag lead compensator design- Ziegler's tuning - minor loop synthesis - state variable approach to design- pole assignment via state variable feedback - state observers and state feedback - smith's predictor for delay type systems - design based on performance index - feedforward design - introduction to non-linear systems - introduction to stability of linear and nonlinear systems based on Lyapunov and other criteria - design based on stability criteria

 

EE5

Electromagnetic Field Theory

Vector fields. Divergence and Stokes theorems. Overview of Electrostatics and Magnetostatics.

Poisson's Equation: Derivation, applications, existence and uniqueness. Dielectrics, Displacement vector. Capacitance matrix, Energy in the field.

Ampere's Law: B Field calculations. Vector potential. The magnetic dipole. Magnetization of materials.

Faraday's Law: Induced emf in stationary and moving coils. Inductance. Inductance matrix. Energy in the magnetic field.

Maxwell's Equation: The wave equation. Poynting theorem. Poynting theorem for phasors.

Transmission Lines: The high-frequency circuit. LCR ladder model. The transmission line equation. Solution for loss-less lines. Wave velocity and wave impedence. Reflection and Transmission coefficients at junctions. VSWR.

Plane Waves: Solution of the wave equation in vacuum. Wave velocity and impedence. Normal and Oblique incidence at interfaces. Penetration into conducting surfaces ,skin effect. Reflection off dielectric layers.

Introduction to waveguides: Guided waves. Modes and their cutoffs. The TEM wave and the transmission line limit. Antennas: The half-wave dipole antenna. Radiation patterns. Antenna gain and directivity.

Optics

Interference and Diffraction of Light

Interaction of Light with Atoms - Absorption/Emission

Lasers and amplifiers, including modelocking/Q-switching

Semiconductor light sources and detectors - pn junctions

Fiber optics - modes, attenuation/dispersion

Electro-optics/Acousto-optics

Text:

  • "Fundamentals of Photonics" by Saleh and Teich, John Wiley and Sons, 1991.

Electron Devices

Energy band diagram, Fermi level. Carrier concentration under thermal equilibrium, and their temperature dependence. Extrinsic and Intrinsic Semiconductors. Carrier Transport, Drift, Diffusion, Excess carriers, Recombination, continuity equation, Poission's equation. p-n junction, current-voltage, small signal capacitance, switching. BJT, carrier profile, dc and ac characteristics. Schottky diodes, ohmic contact. MOS capacitor C-V characteristics, MOSFET threshold voltage and I-V characteristics Basic bipolar and MOSFET process step technology.

Reference books :

  • S.M. Sze : Physics and Technology of SC devices, 1985.
  • B.G. Streetman, Solid State Electronic Devices, 1993.
  • A.S. Grove, Physics & Technology of Semiconductor Devices.
  • N. DasGupta & A.DasGupta, Semiconductor Devices Modelling & Technology, 2004.